Comprehensive C and C++ Programming certification course

Course Description:

This course covers foundational to intermediate programming concepts using C and C++. Students learn about variables, control structures, functions, arrays, pointers, memory management, object-oriented programming (in C++), and basic data structures. Ideal for those aiming to build system-level software, games, or embedded applications.

C/C++ Data Structures and Algorithms are also covered in this course.

This course also covers SQL and it's basic functionalities in order to understand how data works with application.

Course Curriculum:

. Introduction

• History and uses of C and C++

• Setting up the development environment

2. Basics of C

• Variables and data types

• Operators and expressions

• Control structures (if, switch, loops)

3. Functions

• Function declaration and definition

• Recursion

• Scope and storage classes

4. Arrays and Strings

• 1D and 2D arrays

• String handling functions

5. Pointers

• Basics of pointers

• Pointers and arrays

• Pointer arithmetic

• Dynamic memory allocation

6. Structures and Unions

• Defining and using structs

• Nested structures

• Unions

7. File Handling in C

• File operations (read/write, binary/text)

• File pointers

8. C++ Specific Topics

• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• Classes and objects

• Constructors and destructors

• Inheritance and polymorphism

• Encapsulation and abstraction

• Operator overloading

• Templates and STL (Standard Template Library)

• Exception handling

1. Introduction to DSA

• What is DSA and its importance

• Time and space complexity (Big-O notation)

• Asymptotic analysis

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2. C/C++ Fundamentals (Quick Revision)

• Data types, operators, and expressions

• Control structures (if-else, loops)

• Functions and recursion

• Pointers and memory management

• Arrays and strings

• Structures and dynamic memory (malloc, calloc, etc.)

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3. Recursion and Backtracking

• Recursive thinking and call stack

• Factorial, Fibonacci, etc.

• Backtracking basics (e.g., N-Queens, Sudoku solver)

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4. Sorting Algorithms

• Bubble sort, Selection sort, Insertion sort

• Merge sort, Quick sort

• Counting sort, Radix sort

• Time/space complexity comparison

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5. Searching Algorithms

• Linear search

• Binary search (iterative and recursive)

• Search in rotated sorted array

• Lower/upper bounds (binary search variations)

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6. Arrays and Strings (Advanced)

• Sliding window technique

• Two pointers technique

• Prefix sums and difference arrays

• String pattern matching (Naive, KMP)

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7. Linked Lists

• Singly and doubly linked lists

• Circular linked lists

• Reversing a linked list

• Detecting and removing loops (Floyd’s cycle detection)

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8. Stacks and Queues

• Stack and queue using arrays and linked lists

• Infix, postfix, and prefix expressions

• Balanced parentheses

• LRU cache (optional/advanced)

• Deque and priority queue

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9. Trees and Binary Trees

• Binary tree creation and traversal (inorder, preorder, postorder)

• Binary search tree (BST)

• Height, diameter, and balance

• Lowest common ancestor (LCA)

• Tree serialization/deserialization

• AVL Trees (optional advanced)

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10. Heaps and Priority Queues

• Min-heap and max-heap implementation

• Heap sort

• Priority queue applications

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11. Hashing

• Hash tables and hash functions

• Collision handling (chaining, open addressing)

• STL unordered_map and unordered_set

• Applications: frequency count, anagrams

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12. Graphs

• Representation (adjacency list/matrix)

• BFS and DFS traversal

• Shortest path (Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford)

• Minimum spanning tree (Prim’s and Kruskal’s)

• Cycle detection (Directed and Undirected)

• Topological sorting

• Union-Find (Disjoint Set Union - DSU)

1. Introduction to Databases and SQL

• What is a database?

• Relational databases vs. non-relational databases

• Overview of RDBMS (MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, etc.)

• What is SQL (Structured Query Language)?

• Setting up a sample database (e.g., using SQLite or MySQL)

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2. Basic SQL Syntax

• SQL statements overview

• Keywords and identifiers

• Clauses, expressions, and comments

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3. Data Retrieval (SELECT)

• SELECT statement

• Selecting specific columns

• Using DISTINCT

• Column aliases with AS

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4. Filtering Data

• WHERE clause

• Logical operators: AND, OR, NOT

• Comparison operators: =, !=, <, >, <=, >=

• BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, IS NULL

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5. Sorting Results

• ORDER BY clause

• Sorting by one or more columns

• Sorting in ascending/descending order

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6. Working with NULL Values

• Understanding NULL

• IS NULL and IS NOT NULL

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7. Aggregate Functions

• COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX()

• Using aggregate functions in SELECT

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8. Grouping Data

• GROUP BY clause

• Using GROUP BY with aggregate functions

• Filtering grouped data with HAVING

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9. Table Joins

• Concept of keys (primary key, foreign key)

• INNER JOIN

• LEFT JOIN / RIGHT JOIN

• FULL OUTER JOIN (if supported)

• Joining multiple tables

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10. Subqueries

• Subqueries in SELECT, WHERE, and FROM clauses

• Correlated vs. non-correlated subqueries

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11. Modifying Data

• INSERT INTO statement

• UPDATE statement

• DELETE statement

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12. Table Management (Optional for Basic Level)

• Creating tables (CREATE TABLE)

• Data types (INT, VARCHAR, DATE, etc.)

• Altering tables (ALTER TABLE)

• Dropping tables (DROP TABLE)

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13. Basic Constraints

• PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY

• NOT NULL, UNIQUE, DEFAULT

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14. Basic SQL Practice Projects

• Querying a sample sales or library database

• Building reports using GROUP BY and joins

• Real-world exercises (e.g., top-selling products, employee salaries)

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